CONTENTS

LANGUAGE AND SPEECH..................................................................................................................... 15

Stages of the speech chain (Speech stream) .............................................................................................

THE MEANS AND METHODS OF SPEECH EXAMINATION ............................................................... 25

X-ray photography .................................................................................................................................. 25

Articulatory organs in the radiogram......................................................................................................... 26

Labiography ............................................................................................................................................ 27

Measurement points of the photolabiograms ........................................................................................... 28

Palatography ............................................................................................................................................ 28

The division of the palatogram................................................................................................................. 29

Linguography........................................................................................................................................... 29

The division of the linguogram................................................................................................................. 30

Oscillography .......................................................................................................................................... 30

The technical data of the oscillogram .......................................................................................................

Spectrography........................................................................................................................................... 32

THE PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF RUSSIAN SPEECH SOUNDS.................................................... 44

The phonetic symbols and spelling of Russian speech sounds................................................................. 47

The diacritic marks used in the phonetic transcription.............................................................................. 56

THE ARTICULATORY AND ACOUSTIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN SPEECH SOUNDS 60

The vowels in Russian ................................................................................................................................... 60

The phonetic positions of vowels .................................................................................................................. 60

The quality and quantity of vowels ................................................................................................................ 60

Monophthongs, dijphthongoids and triphthongoids ................................................................................. 61

The Russian vowel system ...................................................................................................................... 62

Articulatory and acoustic features of Russian vowels............................................................................... 63

[а], [аІ], [la], [Ы], [л] — [а], [а ], [ а], [ а ], [л] (Plates 2, 3, 4, 5, 23) ........................................................... 63

[0] , H, [Jo], [W], [6] — [o], [o], [o], [o], [5] (Plates 6, 7, 8, 9, 24) .......................................... 64

[u], [ui], (hi], [Ы], [fi], [y] — [y], [y ], [y], [-у]. [y], [y] (Plates 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 35) ... .,5

И, Ш, [i£], Й, [tE ], И — Гы], [ы], [ыэ]I, [ы], [ыэ], [ы] (Plates 15, 16, 14, 27, 26, 31) ... 66

[1] , Ш, [іе], Й, [і] - М, Ій], [ие],[й], [и] (Plates 17, 18, 29, 28, 33) ..........................................

М, М, М, И, [с] — [э], [э], [е], [еі, [э] (Plates 10, 11, 12, 13, 25) ................................................................ 68

[ t ], [э] — [ь] [ъ] (Plates 34, 32) ............................................................................................................. 69

The consonants in Russian ...................................................................................................................... 69

The phonetic positions of consonants ..................................................................................................... 69

Palatalization and pharyngealization ......................................................................................................... 70

Articulation of the tip of the tongue ....................................................................................................... 71

Peculiarities of the narrowing ................................................................................................................. 71

Types of configurations of articulatory organs....................................................................................... 71

Articulatory and acoustic characteristics of Russian consonants............................................................. 73

[р] — [n] (Plate 36).............................................................................................................. 73

[P’l — [n’] (Plate 37) ............................................................................................................................. 74

[b] — [6] (Plate 38) ............................................................................................................................... 74

[b’] — [6’] (Plate 39) ................................................................................................................................ 75

[t] _ [t] (Plate 40) .................................................................................................................................. 76

[t’l — [t’] (Plate 41) ...............................................................................................................................

[d] - [д] (Plate 42).................................................................................................................................. 77

[d’] - [д’] (Plate 43) ............................................................................................................................... 78

[k] — M (Plate 44)................................................................................................................ 79

[k’J — [к’] (Plate 45).............................................................................................................................. 79

[g] — И (Plate 46) ................................................................................................................................. 80

[g’l - [r’] (Plate 47)................................................................................................................................. 81

[m] , [m] — [m] (Plate 48) .................................................................................................. 81

[m’] —[m’] (Plate 49) ........................................................................................................................... 82

[n] — [h] Plate 50) ............................................................................................................. 83

[n’] — [H’] (Plate 51) ............................................................................................................................ 84

[f] — [ф] (Plate 52) ............................................................................................................................... 84

[f] — [ф’] (Plate 53)............................................................................................................................... 85

[v] _ [в] (Plate 54) ................................................................................................................................. 86

[v’J — [в’] (Plate 55)..............................................................................................................................

[s] — [c] (Plate 56) ................................................................................................................................ 87

[s’] — [c’] (Plate 57) ............................................................................................................................. 88

[z] — [з] (Plate 58) ................................................................................................................................ 88

[z’] _ [з’] (Plate 59) ............................................................................................................................... 89

[fl, [J:] — [ш], [ш:] (Plates 60, 62) ......................................................................................... 90

[з], [5:] —[ж], [ж:] (Plates 61, 63) ......................................................................................... 91

[f:] —[ш’:] (Plate 64) ............................................................................................................................ 91

[5’:]-[ж’:] (Plate 65) ................................................................................................................................... 92

[с] - [*] (Plate 66)................................................................................................................. 93

[j], — Ш, [j] (Plates 67, 68).................................................................................................................... 93

[x] — [x] (Plate 69) ............................................................................................................................... 94

[x’] _ [x’] (Plate 70)............................................................................................................................... 94

M-M (Plate 71) ........................................................................................................................................... 95

[ts] — [ц] (Plate 72) ..............................................................................................................................

[dz] — [дз] (Plate 73) ................................................................................................................................. 96

[ff] _ Й (Plate 74) ....................................................................................................................................... 97

Id's] - [дж] (Plate 75).................................................................................................................................. 98

[r] — [p] (Plate 76) ................................................................................................................................ 99

[r’] — [p’] (Plate 77) ............................................................................................................................. 99

[l] — [л] (Plate 78) ................................................................................................................ 100

[!’] — [л’] (Plate 79) ................................................................................................................................ 101

BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................................ 149

FIGURES (1-12) ....................................................................................................................................... 151

THE SOUND PLATES OF RUSSIAN SPEECH SOUNDS (1-79) ........................................................... 161