Part I. The Transformation of the Philosophyof History into a Theory of Historical Knowledge
The words «philosophy of history» are used to denote five different kinds of writings. These are (1) universal histories of mankind,(2)theories of society—or of history, (3) discussions of ontological problems about history or society, (4) treatises on history or historical knowledge as values, (5) methodologies of historical research (incl.
theories of historical knowledge). The philosophy of history is nonexistent: there are various types of philosophies about history. These types have appeared, existed or co-existed, forming a certain pattern (set out in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). That pattern has been determined both by the developments in the study of history and by changes in philosophy itself. For example, the rise of analytic («critical») philosophy of history is a result of the twentieth-century changes in the manner of philosophizing in English-speaking countries and a result of the changes in historical studies during the last two centuries. And there is yet one more determining factor for the shape of the pattern that has emerged: the socio-economic interests of various classes of human beings in the 19th and 20th-century societies. When Marx made history scientific and Marxists began to claim that history was a science, the opponents of Marx started defending bourgeois respectability by claims that history was not quite a science (Rickert), or not a science at all - but a form of thinking essentially different from both science and art (Collingwood).The modern non-Marxist theory of historical knowledge has been developed basically by philosophers writing in English. These developments began with the works of R. G. Collingwood and M. Mandelbaum, written in the 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s explanation and narrative became the two central issues under discussion. It is of
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importance to understand that the differences between the proponents and the opponents of the «covering-law thesis» are not entirely in matters of fact (whether «scientific» explanations using «covering laws» are the only forms or the only admissible forms of explanations used or to be used by historians).
Those differences presuppose an implicit divergence of paradigmas on the nature of philosophizing, held by the logical positivists and by the supporters of linguistic analysis (the covering law thesis can be defended by the latter means, too; but what counts for argument is different in both paradigmas).There has been no such central theme for discussion during the last decade. Hew issues have been raised (e. g. , is historical knowledge akin to knowledge in the applied sciences) and more sophisticated treatments of old issues continue to be published.
The majority of Marxist philosophies of history still belong to the types (2) and (3). But from the mid-1960s onwards the interests of Marxists have been turning towards studying historical cognition with a view to formulating a theory of historical knowledge as a methodology of historical knowledge.
Еще по теме Part I. The Transformation of the Philosophyof History into a Theory of Historical Knowledge:
- Part II. The Developing Structureof Historical Knowledge
- Part III. Procedures of EstablishingHistorical Knowledge
- Part IV. Methodology of Historiographyand the Theory of Socio - Economic Formations
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