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SUMMARY

By the beginning of XXI century the principal line of the historical evolution marked one of the sharpest problems - the principally new connection between civilization and barbarity.

The investigation of the problem “civilization and barbarity” has recently fallen outside the limits of its traditional area when barbarity and civilization were considered only as periods of history of humanity (wildness - barbarity -civilization) or their connection was seen as interaction of human communities of different levels of development (ancient Greece - barbarians, the Roman civilization -barbarians, Chinese Empire). At the present time the implied more and more widely civilization approach makes the problem more complicated by revealing the new aspects such as modem interpretation of the terms “civilization”, “barbarity”, ‘‘barbarian” and, finally, discloses a new possibility for deeper understanding of the world history process and history of local civilizations.

Historians know that the birth of a new civilization space, as a rule changed the notion of the limits of “kin-stranger”, of criteria "friend" and “enemy” and the deference between “a civilized man” and ”a barbarian”. It is well-known that in extreme situations some archaic syndromes, “inherited codes” including “barbarian” activate. Washing out and narrowing the sphere of ratio, barbarians and “barbarity” push on the civilization to decrease. The origin of “the barbarian’s” image in archaic, classical, mediaeval and modem conscience - is an actual, important and a widely - discussed problem.

The existing interpretation models of terms "civilization” and “barbarity” undermine a priori their taught opposition. Meanwhile, in real social and political practice the mechanism of cooperation between barbaric and civilized worlds was more complicated and multi-meaningful.

in the context of individual and collective ideas about boarders of civilization, ‘kin-stranger” disclose this mechanism at some extent.

The authors of the book concentrate their attention on the several interconnected problems: on the origin and development of notions of barbarians and “barbarity” in their historical dynamics, on finding out the peculiarities of reproduction of the opposition “civilization - barbarity”, on definition of different types and concrete practices of intercommunication between barbarity and civilization.

In the first part (“Opposition “civilization- barbarity: origin and transformation”) V.P. Budanova considers the connection of the terms “a barbarian”, “barbarity” with contradictory attempts to insert the European tribal world into the Mediterranean civilization scheme of negative attitude towards barbarians, considering the dynamics of these terms, the transformation and complicity of their content, also she actualizes and amylases such phenomenon as “barbarian civilization”. The author underlines that each civilization forms its own conception of' a barbarian”, its own "barbarian trend” and "barbarian stereotypies” based on concrete historical conditions, on political and ideological underlying case, ideological, literary and emotional preferences of those who writes about “barbarians”. I.E. Surikov investigates the problem of the part which a category of polis played in creation of a dichotomy “civilization-barbarity” in Ancient Greece where first in the world history this opposition appeared as a result of the formation of polis, its human community and state system. It was polis that became the main criteria of civilization which the Greeks did not find among “barbarians”. In the context of a dichotomy “kin-stranger” V.O. Nikishin demonstrates how Tacitus saw' “barbarity” of “northern barbarians”. Using the semiotics S.V. Sunnikov investigates the transformation of the system of view s on “barbarians” and “barbarity" in German kingdoms in VI-VIII centuries, particularly, appealing to the works of Jordan, Gregory Turskey, Evgippey, Icidor Sevilskey.

criticism of manners in the Old World. In the center of A.S. Balezin's attention there are two types of society of East African Interlacustrine Region before colonization: the early states (“civilization”) and societies which did not create any states (“barbarians) at all. The special attention is paid to how the British colonization planted its domination over “barbarians" with the help of local “civilized” states.

The second part of the book (“The interaction between barbarity and civilization: historical alternatives and models of regional experience”) is devoted to the concrete problems of interaction between barbarity and civilization, to historical alternatives and to models of regional experience. The first article by A.A. Nemirovskiy contains the analysis of the note which reflects the interaction between one of the early Cassis’ kings of Babylon (XVI B.C.) and mountain “barbaric” tribe of the Kutis. V.G. Zubarev’s article clears up the character of interaction between the ancient urban civilization and barbarian world taking as the example the European Bosporus. It noticed that the difference between a civilization of urban type and the barbarians in exploration of space laid in the opposite perception of their own environment. The confrontation of classical urban civilization and barbaric world was finished by the victory of the least turned out to be the defeat. Sarmati- zation of Tanais as a special case of interaction between civilization and barbarity ("barbarization of civilization”) is considered in the article of E.B. Vdovchenkov. The author underlines that it was not only opposition. not “the process of civilizing” the barbarians but ‘The process of barbarizing” the civilization. Also, this was manifested in the strengthening of the ethnic influence of the Sarmats, who were very resistant to the influence of ancient world. The questions dealing with the usage of the ancient military experience by the barbarians are raised in articles by A.A. Kleimenov and E.S. Danilov. A.A. Kleimenov underlines that many features of the military art of last kings' of the dynasty of Arge- ads, having no direct analogies in Greek military affairs in the previous period, traced back to the military practice of the Balkan “barbarians” from Macedonian tribes. E.S. Danilov devoted his investigation to the problem of “barbarians’ ” intelligence (efficiency, the level of awareness, the system of penetration). G.E. Zakharov considers the problem of the influence of barbarians' interventions on the activity of the Christian bishops in Pannonia and Dacia in IV-V centuries. In A.A. Sazo- nov’s article eradication, reconfiguration and transformation of basic social-political institutions, which are traditionally characterized as “barbarian”, are investigated at the level of selective adaptation of the

new forms of cooperation of late-Roman state and Christian society by the Anglo-Saxons, as well as within the borders of the imposed from the outside ideological and religious conceptions which were not easily understandable for them, in the article by B.A. Arutyunova-Fidanyan the peculiarities of the image of’ the Northern barbarians” in Armenian medieval historiography are considered. In the article by V.U. Apryshchenko it is pointed out that in the middle of XIX century a highlander barbarian periphery of the Northern Britain, threatening the Scottish modernization before was inserted in British culture through conversion the image of “a Highlander- barbarian”. According to S.G Malkin the relations which Scottish and Irish Gaels had with another part of the United Kingdom were characterized as underdeveloped while the relations with each other and with other “barbaric areas”- as likeness, and with their ancestors - as full timeless continuity. The comparative scale of civilizing was "barbarity" - “underdevelopment”- “civilizing".

Thus, at all variety of the themes all the materials correspond to a modem so called “star" of barbarology, its five basic blocks:

- The interpretation of the semantic structure of the concepts "barbarians” and “barbarity" in their dynamics, sociocultural transformation, changing and complicity of the content in the context of mutual enrichment, dialog, boarders, resistance, expansion and absorption;

- Rethinking the holistic status of barbarian world as a subject of history, actualizing the term and phenomenon of “barbarians ‘civilization" not only as a stage of the tribal-clan development of the definite quality', but as an epistemological basis of historical discourse;

- Investigation of the dialog of civilizations and so called “barbarians" in wide range of forms (contacts, influences, connections), methods (peaceful, military) and means in the general context and different directions of interactions (rules, values, interests) and also the variety of its results;

- The analysis of the mechanism of the process of civilizing "barbarians", including the influence of existed civilized societies:

- The investigation of the processes of barbarization of civilizations as a regression movement to more archaic and primitive forms of existence including the influence of barbaric world.

The collection of articles was not conceived as a single text with a general plot disclosed through the concrete articles but as a problematical one. The presented results are based on personal methods and ap-

proaches. The authors are united only by the common angel of interpretation -“civil ization”-“barbarity" in the sense of transformation the terms as well as the experience of regional interaction.

We would like to hope that the material of the book attract attention of professional historians, philosophers, culturologists, ethnologists, archeologists, teachers, graduates, students and those who are interested in phenomenon of “barbarity” and the history of world civilizations.

The range of problems opens up the perspective of the system comparing method of inside of active, adequate (когерентного) image of “a barbarian” within the framework of local civilizations, anticipating the series of questions: how and why the concept of “a barbarian” became the tool of structuring the sociocultural space, how in different (not only in Greek-Roman) systems of historiography category “barbarian” reflected the appearance of a sharp feeling of “kin-stranger”, how the special perception of the world based on the division of the world was formed, and what place in it was occupied by “the barbarians” and “barbarity”. At the first front line is not the praising of values of civilization but the investigation of the difficulties of the process of the eliminating of “barbarity”.